FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Kita menggunakan Future Perfect Continuous tenses bahasa inggris ini untuk menceritakan kejadian yang akan berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa depan. Future Perfect Continuous Tense dikenal juga dengan sebutan Present Future Perfect Continuous atau Future Perfect Progressive.

Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + shall/will + have + been + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + shall/will + not + have + been + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Shall/will + subject + have + been + verb-ing + object ?

Contoh – Future Perfect Continuous tense :
My grandmother will have been visiting us tomorrow morning (+)
- nenek saya akan telah sedang mengunjungi kami besok pagi
My grandmother will not have been visiting us tomorrow morning (-)
- nenek saya tidak akan telah sedang mengunjungi kami besok pagi
Will your grandmother have been visiting you tomorrow morning? (?)
- apakah nenek kamu akan telah sedang mengunjungi kamu besok pagi ?
Ungkapan waktu yang umum digunakan :
By tomorrow / 8 o’clock, This year / month / week, Next year / month / week

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FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Kita menggunakan Future Perfect tenses bahasa inggris ini untuk menyatakan kejadian yang akan selesai dimasa depan yang sudah dimulai dimasa lalu. Future Perfect disebut juga Present Future Perfect Tense atau Future Perfect Simple Tense.

Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + shall/will + have + been + complement
Subject + shall/will + have + verb III + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + shall/will + not + been + complement
Subject + shall/will + not + have + verb III + object
Tanya (?)
Shall/will + subject + been + complement
Shall/will + subject + have + verb III + object ?

Contoh – Future perfect tense :
I will have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning (+)
- saya akan telah berada di rumah sakit ini sampai besok pagi
I will not have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning (-)
- saya tidak akan telah berada di rumah sakit ini sampai besok pagi
Will you have been in this hospital until tomorrow morning ? (?)
- apakah kamu akan telah berada disini sampai besok pagi ?
Majid will have rented my house next month (+)
- Majid akan telah menyewa rumahku bulan depan
Majid will not have rented my house next month (-)
- Majid tidak akan telah menyewa rumahku bulan depan
Will Majid have rented my house next month ? (?)
- apakah Majid akan telah menyewa rumahku bulan depan ?
Keterangan waktu (adverb of time) yang umum digunakan :
Before, by tomorrow/7 o’clock/next month, until/till

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FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Future Continuous tense umumnya digunakan untuk menandakan bahwa kita akan berada ditengah-tengah suatu kejadian dalam waktu tertentu di masa depan. Future Continuous dikenal juga dengan sebutan Present Future Continuous

Future Continuous juga memiliki 2 bentuk yaitu “will” dan “going to” memiliki makna yang sama dan bisa saling menggantikan saat digunakan. Berbeda dengan penggunaan pada simple future tense.

Penggunaan
1. tindakan di masa depan yang sedang berlangsung
2. dugaan antara masa kini dan masa depan
Joni won’t be sleeping now
Joni tidak akan tidur sekarang (saya pikir Joni tidak tidur sekarang)
3. untuk mengajukan pertanyaan dengan sopan tentang niat seseorang
will you be coming home ?
akankah kamu datang ke rumah ?(saya berharap kamu datang ke rumah)

Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + will/shall + be + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + will/shall + not + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Will/shall + subject + be + verb-ing + object

Contoh – Future Continuous tense :

I will be watching a movie tonight (+)
- saya akan sedang menonton film nanti malam
I will not be watching a movie tonight (-)
- saya tidak akan sedang menonton film nanti malam
Will you be watching a movie tonight ? (?)
- Apakah kamu akan sedang menonton film nanti malam ?

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SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Di antara semua bentuk Future tenses, Simple Future adalah yang paling umum, digunakan dalam banyak situasi seperti ketika membuat janji, prediksi atau rencana. Future Tense disebut juga dengan Present Future Tense.
Simple Future Tense dibagi menjadi dua bentuk yaitu “Will/shall” dan “going to” tetapi memiliki perbedaan penggunaan.
“going to” digunakan dalam mengucapkan suatu rencana tindakan yg telah dibuat jauh2 sebelum berbicara.Juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu prediksi berdasarkan tanda-tanda saat ini (pasti terjadi kemungkinan besar)
“going to” juga dikenal dalam kata “gonna” yang sering digunakan dalam situasi tidak resmi. PENTING : Hindari menggunakan kata “gonna” dalam ujian bahasa inggris atau suasana resmi.
“will” digunakan dalam mengucapkan suatu rencana tindakan yang baru saja kamu pikirkan/belum direncanakan/spontanitas saat berbicara.juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan ramalan yg akan terjadi berdasarkan perhitungan atau perasaan (belum tentu kepastiannya).

Will sering disingkat
will = ‘ill
Will not = won’t
Will/shall juga sering digunakan dengan “problably, most likely, I think, I’m sure, I wonder (if, what, when, etc), I expect”

Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + will/shall + verb I + object
Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb I + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + will/shall + verb I + object
Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + verb I + object
Tanya (?)
Will/shall + subject + verb I + object
Am/is/are + subject + going to + verb I + object

Contoh – Simple Future tense :
We will go to school soon (+)
- kita akan pergi ke sekolah segera
We will not go to school soon (-)
- kita tidak akan pergi ke sekolah segera
Will we go to school soon ? (?)
- apakah kita akan pergi ke sekolah segera
The students are going to have a test next month (+)
- para siswa akan menghadapi ujian bulan depan
The students are not going to have a test next (-)
- para siswa tidak akan menghadapi ujian bulan depan
Are the students going to have a test next month ? (?)
- Apakah para siswa akan menghadapi ujian bulan depan ?

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu tindakan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan berlangsung sampai tindakan lain yang di masa lalu.

Penggunaan :
1. Durasi tindakan masa lalu sampai titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu juga
2. kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentence) Type III
If it hadn’t been raining, we would have played football
3. kalimat tak langsung (reported speech)
Ann: I was crying
George: Ann said she had been crying
George : Ann mengatakan bahwa dia telah menangis

Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + had + been + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + been + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + been + object ?
Contoh Past Perfect Continuous tense :
He had been living in Jakarta about ten years (+)
- Dia telah tinggal di Jakarta sekitar 10 tahun
He had not been living in Jakarta about ten years (-)
- dia belum tinggal di Jakarta sekitar 10 tahun
Had He been living in Jakarta about ten years ? (?)
- apakah dia telah tinggal di Jakarta selamat 10 tahun ?

Perbedaan antara Present Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous adalah :
Present Perfect Continuous mengungkapkan tindakan yang terus berlanjut sampai sekarang sedangkan Past Perfect Continuous tidak.
He has been playing for two hours
Dia telah bermain selama 2 jam (dia masih bermain atau baru saja selesai)
He had been playing for two hours when arrived
Dia telah bermain selama 2 jam ketika saya tiba (sekarang tidak sedang bermain.

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PAST PERFECT TENSE

Kita menggunakan Past Pefect (simple) tense untuk menunjukkan suatu tindakan di masa lalu berkaitan dengan tindakan lain sebelumnya di masa lalu.

Penggunaan :
1. menceritakan sebuah tindakan yang sudah selesai sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu
2. kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentence) Type III
If + subject + Past perfect + would have + verb III
If we had known the answer, we would have told you
Seandainya kami telah tahu jawabannya, kami akan telah mengatakan padamu (kenyataanya kami sudah tidak tahu jawabannya)
3. kalimat tak langsung (reported speech)
Ann: I have searched all the rooms.
George: Ann said she had searched all the rooms.
George : Ann mengatakan bahwa dia sudah mencari semua kamar
untuk pembahasan selengkapnya tentang reported speech dalam berbagai tenses disini

Rumus Past Perfect Tense :
Positif (+)
Subject + had + verb III + (past participle) + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + had + not + verb III + object
Tanya (?)
Had + subject + verb III + object ?

Contoh - Past Perfect tense :
They had been here before 1945 (+)
- mereka telah berada disini sebelum tahun 1945
They had not been here before 1945 (-)
- mereka belum berada disini sebelum tahun 1945
Had they been here before 1945 ? (?)
- apakah mereka telah berada disini sebelum 1945 ?
She had gone to Amsterdam when I called her (+)
- dia telah pergi ke Amsterdam ketika aku meneleponnya
She had not gone to Amsterdam when I called her (-)
- dia belum pergi ke Amsterdam ketika aku meneleponnya
Had she gone to Amsterdam when you called her ?
- apakah dia telah pergi ke Amsterdam ketika kamu meneleponnya ?
Keterangan waktu (Adverb of time) yang umum digunakan dalam past Perfect tense ini :
after, before, already, as soon as, just, yet, until, till, by the time that.
past Perfect tense juga digunakan untuk ungkapan seperti : “I wish”, “as if/though” and “if only”.
I wish I hadn’t gone there.
aku berharap aku tidak pernah pergi kesana
Jono looked as if he had done something terrible.
Jono tampak seolah-olah ia telah melakukan sesuatu yang mengerikan

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PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past Continuous Tense mengungkapkan tindakan di masa lalu yang sedang berlangsung. tindakan kadang dapat juga disela oleh sesuatu. bentuk tenses bahasa inggris ini disebut juga Past Progressive Tense.

Penggunaan :
1. Tindakan yang sedang berlangsung
2. kegiatan sela yang sedang berlangsung
[Past Continuous] + When + [Past Simple]
3. kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu yang sama di masa lalu
4. Pertanyaan bersyarat / sopan
Misalnya : I was wondering if you could carry my bag.

Rumus
Positif (+)
Subject + to be (was/were) + verb-ing + object
Negatif (-)
Subject + was/were + not + verb-ing + object
Tanya (?)
- was/were + subject + verb-ing + object ?

Contoh - Past Continuous tense :
He was sleeping when I came (+)
- Dia sedang tidur ketika saya datang
He was not sleeping when I came (-)
- Dia tidak sedang tidur ketika saya datang
Was he sleeping when I came ?
- apakah dia sedang tidur ketika saya datang ?
I was working all night yesterday(+)
- saya sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin
I was not working all night yesterday (-)
- Saya tidak sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin
were you working all night yesterday ?
- Apakah kamu sedang bekerja sepanjang malam kemarin ?

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SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang telah terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu. kejadian bisa pendek atau panjang. Berarti juga bisa menjadi beberapa kejadian terjadi satu demi persatu. Secara umum, Ada dua fakta penting yang perlu diingat dalam tenses bahasa inggris ini :
- kata kerja tak beraturan (Irregular Verbs)
- kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan tidak seperti kalimat positif tetapi mempertahankan bentuk dasar kata kerja.

Penggunaan
1. Peristiwa di masa lalu yang telah selesai (misalnya : I went to school)
2. Situasi di masa lalu (they lived a normal life until they won a lottery)
3. Serangkaian tindakan di masa lalu

Rumus
Positif (+)
- Subject + to be (was/were) + complement
- Subject + verb 2 + object
Negatif (-)
- Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement
- Subject + did not + verb 1 + object
Tanya (?)
- Did + subject + verb 1 + object ?

Contoh Simple Past tense:
He was a businessman in 1999 (+)
- dia adalah seorang pebisnis pada tahun 1999
I sell these motorcycles in Surabaya(+)
- saya menjual sepeda motor ini di Surabaya
She did not visit me yesterday (-)
- dia tidak mengunjungiku kemarin
My parents were not home this afternoon(-)
- orang tua ku tidak ada di rumah siang ini
Did you play football yesterday ? (?)
- Apakah kamu bermain sepakbola kemarin ?

Keterangan waktu (adverb of time) yang umum digunakan dalam simple past tense :
Yesterday (kemarin, the other day (lain hari), just now (sekarang), the day before yesterday (sehari sebelum kemarin), etc

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Perfect Continuous mengungkapkan tindakan yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan sekarang masih berlanjut. Tenses bahasa inggris ini juga digunakan untuk menceritakan kejadian yang dimulai dimasa lalu dan baru saja selesai.

Penggunaan
1. tindakan yang telah dimulai dimasa lalu dan masih berlanjut sekarang
2. tindakan yang baru saja berhenti

Rumus :
Positif (+)
Subject + has / have + been + verb-ing
Negatif (-)
Subject + has / have + not + been + verb-ing
Tanya (?)
Has/have + subject + been + verb-ing ?
Contoh :
I have been watching TV for two hours (+)
He has been playing football since elementary school (+)
Marina has not been learning english for two years (-)
Have you been reading a book for an hour ? (?)

Keterangan waktu (adverb of time) yang digunakan,
“for” dan “since” merupakan keterangan waktu yang sangat umum digunakan dalam Present Perfect Continuous tense

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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Bentuk Present Perfect tense dalam tenses bahasa inggris digunakan untuk suatu tindakan sederhana yang masih berlangsung atau yang baru sajar berhenti, tetapi memiliki pengaruh hingga masa kini. Menempatkan penekanan pada hasil.

Penggunaan :
1. tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak pasti sebelum saat ini
2. tindakan di masa lalu dan memiliki pengaruh di masa sekarang
3. tindakan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut di masa sekarang

Rumus :
Positif (+)
Subject + has / have + been + object
Subject + has / have + verb III + object

Negatif (-)
Subject + has / have + not + been + object
Subject +has / have + not + verb III + object

Tanya (?)
Have / has + Subject + verb III + object
Have / has + subject + been + object

Contoh :
I have been at home for a month (+)
Mr. Handoko has not eaten the sate already (-)
Has Mr. Imam been here since 06.00 ? (?)

Untuk membentuk kalimat Present Perfect (simple) tense kita perlu mengetahui tentang :
1. kata kerja (verb) “have” ( kata kerja bantu / auxiiliary verb)
- Bentuk tunggal,
I have
You have
He / she / it has

- Bentuk jamak,
We have
You have
They have

2. past participle (been / verb III)
Contoh :
Talk = talked (regular)
Go = gone (irregular)

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Continuous tense dalam tenses bahasa inggris digunakan untuk tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang, kejadian di waktu sedang berbicara dan tindakan yang berlangsung hanya untuk jangka waktu yang singkat. Present Continuous tense disebut juga dengan Present Progressive Tense

Penggunaan :
1. kejadian sekarang atau kegiatan sementara
contoh : Mr. Teguh si writing a new book
Mr. Teguh sedang menulis buku baru
2. Rencana di masa depan yang sudah pasti waktunya (pribadi)
I am going to Surabaya at 07.30 tomorrow
Saya akan pergi ke Surabaya jam 7.30 besok
3. kejadian terkait atas sesuatu atau seseorang disekitar waktu sekarang atau sedang berbicara
contoh : it is raining day
hari ini sedang hujan

Rumus Present Continuous Tense :
Positif (+):
subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object
Negatif (-) :
subject + to be + not + verb – ing + object
Tanya (?) :
to be + subject + verb – ing + object

Contoh Present Continuous Tense :
I am watching TV now (+)
Mr. Khanafi is not going to Jakarta (-)
Is Mrs. Annisa cooking in the kitchen ? (?)

Present Continuous tense membutuhkan :
- kata kerja “to be”
Tunggal,
I am (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
He / she / it is (orang ketiga)
Jamak,
We are (orang pertama)
You are (orang kedua)
They are (orang ketiga)

- bentuk kata kerja “-ing”
Contoh :
Go + ing = going
- Keterangan waktu (adverb of time) yang sering digunakan dalam Present Continuous tense :
“NOW, RIGHT NOW, TOMORROW,etc”

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PRESENT TENSE

Dalam bahasa Inggris Present Tense atau Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kejadian, kegiatan, aktivitas dan sebagainya yang terjadi saat ini. Present Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu Fakta, atau sesuatu yang tejadi berulang-ulang dimasa KINI. Ingat, PRESENT artinya adalah kini, sekarang.

Rumusnya:
Positif: S + V1 (s/es)
Negatif: S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1
Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1

Contoh Kalimat Positif:
I drink coffee
She drinks coffe
We drink coffee

Ya, sengaja pelajaran Tense bahasa inggris ini dibuat simple saja agar cepat faham. Anda perlu mengembangkannya sendiri misalnya dengan membuat 100 contoh sendiri. Pasti Anda perlu kamus juga, karena belajar tenses lalu mentok dengan suatu kata kerja maka biasanya tidak jadi, hehe..

Cara Membaca Rumus:
S artinya Subject, V1 artinya Verb1 atau kata kerja bentuk pertama. 

Kapan pakai S atau ES dan kapan tidak?
Kalau Subjectnya He, She, It, John, Mufli, Ellen atau Orang ketiga TUNGGAL maka kata kerjanya tambah S atau ES. Tidak sembarang tambah S atau ES juga nih, ada daftarnya. Daftarnya itu bayak sekali, mustahal saya tulis disini, cape dehh nulisnya, Anda musti beli buku Grammar juga. Belajar bahasa Inggris perlu modal, hehe..

Di atas tadi ada istilah Orang Ketiga Tunggal, maksudnya gini: Orang ketiga adalah orang yang kita bicarakan, yang kita omongin. Sedangkan orang pertama ya yang bicara. Orang kedua lawan bicara. Tunggal ya satu. Jadi orang ketiga tunggal adalah orang yang kita bicarakan dan satu saja dia itu. Misalnya kita berdua ngomongin John Scoping. Yang ngomong saya, yang dengar Anda, yang dibicarakan John Scoping (orang ketiga tunggal). Faham ya?

John Scoping belajar Tenses.
John Scoping learnS english.

Tidak bisa LearnES, mengapa? ya memang begitu!. Tetapi yang ini malah tambah ES:

John Scoping goES to School (tambah ES). 

Kalimat Negatif Present Tense

Bentuk Negatif, artinya menyatakan TIDAK. Maka sesuai rumus Present Tense, setelah SUBJECT ditambah DO atau DOES, baru NOT, lalu tambah kata kerja bentuk pertama tanpa S atau ES lagi. S atau ES nya dimana? Sudah di doES tadi.

Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY tambah DO
Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen tambah DOES

I do not drink coffee.
She does not drink coffee.
John Scoping does not learn english.

Coba perhatikan She does not drink coffee. Drink nya tidak pake S lagi, pindah ke doES. Biasakan saja, Present Simple Tense ini sepertinya rumit tetapi kalau faham maka enak banget. Ulangi saja baca dari atas 10 kali lagi, biar meresap benar, hehe.. Bikin juga 10 contoh Anda sendiri dengan kata kerja yang berbeda. Yes, belajar bahasa Inggris tak boleh manja, harus aktif, baru akan bisa.

Kalimat Tanya Present Tense

Kalimat tanya untuk Present Tense sesuai rumus diatas, atau saya tulis lagi seperti ini:

Tanya: DO/DOES + S + V1

Sama saja pasangannya. Untuk I, WE, YOU, THEY gunakan DO. Untuk SHE, HE, IT, Mufli, Ellen gunakan DOES. Contohnya begini:

Kalimat positifnya: I drink coffee
Kalimat tanya menjadi: DO you drink cofee?

Kalimat positif: She drinks coffe
Kalimat tanya: DOES She drink coffee?

Kalimat tanya seperti diatas disebut juga YES/NO Question. Karena jawabannya memang Yes atau No. Do You drink coffee? “Yes I do” jawabnya. Atau bisa bisa dijawab dengan lengkap: “Yes, I do drink coffee”. Dihilangkan DO nya juga boleh, menjadi kalimat positif lagi: “Yes I drink coffee”.

Ya, memang benar kalau Present Tense ini lebih rumit dibandingkan dengan Present Continuous Tense karena tiba-tiba kok pake DO, eh untuk orang ketiga tunggal pakai DOES segala, hehe.. Kalau dalam Present Continuous Tense nanti tinggal dibalik doang.

Nah, kalau tadi kan Kalimat Tanya Present Tense yang jawabannya Yes atau No doang. Gimana kalau pertanyaan yang jawabannya panjang atau yang jawabannya kalimat? Yah, tinggal tambahkan saja When, Where, Why, Who, What, dsb di depannya. Contohnya begini:

-When Do you drink coffee?
Contoh jawaban: I drink coffee everyday.

-What does she drink?
She drinks coffee la yau!

Gampang kan? Ya kan? hehe.. Kalau Anda sering praktekkan dalam bahasa inggris sehari-hari maka tentu saja akan terasa mudah. Silahkan berkreasi dengan kalimat-kalimat Anda dalam Present Tense ya.

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Direct Speech/Quoted Speech and Indirect Speech/Reported Speech

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said. 

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

For example:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I might go to the cinema", he said.	He said he might go to the cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"My name is Lynne", she said.	She said her name was Lynne. or She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.

Direct speech (exact quote)	Indirect speech (not exact)
"Next week's lesson is on reported speech ", she said.	She said next week's lesson is on reported speech.

Time change

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting.

For example we need to change words like here and yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Today	+ 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations."	She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening)	›	that (evening)
today	›	yesterday ...
these (days)	›	those (days)
now	›	then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
last weekend	›	the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here	›	there
next (week)	›	the following (week)
tomorrow	›	the next/following day

In addition if you report something that someone said in a different place to where you heard it you must change the place (here) to the place (there).

For example:-

At work	At home
"How long have you worked here?"	She asked me how long I'd worked there.

Pronoun change

In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.

For example:

Me	You
"I teach English online."	She said she teaches English online.

Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech.

We use asked to report questions:-

For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.

We use told with an object.

For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.

!Note - Here me is the object.

We usually use said without an object.

For example: Lynne said she was going to teach online.

If said is used with an object we must include to ;

For example: Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.

!Note - We usually use told.

For example: Lynne told me that she'd never been to China.

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and asked.

These include:-

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative.

For example:

He asked me to come to the party:-

He invited me to the party.

He begged me to come to the party.

He ordered me to come to the party.

He advised me to come to the party.

He suggested I should come to the party.

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.

For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.

However, that is optional.

For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.

!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often use if.

For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.

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